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- BOOKS, Page 92Black Beauty
-
-
- JAZZ CLEOPATRA: JOSEPHINE BAKER IN HER TIME
- by Phyllis Rose
- Doubleday; 321 pages; $22.50
-
- Some performers live in memory as icons of their eras --
- Marilyn Monroe with her air-blown skirt at thigh level, or
- Louise Brooks of the silents, purring beneath a helmet of slinky
- black hair. Particularly to the French, there is more than one
- archetypical image of Josephine Baker, who danced her way out
- of the hovels of East St. Louis to become the world's first
- black international star. From the Roaring Twenties came a Baker
- persona at once erotic and comic: prancing topless on a Paris
- music-hall stage, with eyes crossed as if to spoof her naked
- sensuality. Later came the vision of La Baker, a glamorous
- chanteuse gowned by Dior or Balenciaga and seemingly the essence
- of Gallic sophistication.
-
- Baker, as author Phyllis Rose observes in this elegant,
- judicious biography, actually "had little subtlety and less
- angst." Still, as the evolution from cabaret "jungle bunny" to
- boulevard nobility suggests, she was a woman of Cleopatra-like
- variety and contradiction. Baker was cheerfully promiscuous, yet
- loyal in a way to a few paternalistic men who meant more to her
- than a year of one-night stands. Childless herself, she
- eventually adopted twelve infants of different races,
- accumulating a rambunctious family she called the "Rainbow
- Tribe." Baker built her career in Europe, partly to escape the
- humiliations of a racist America; yet her proudest moment was
- sharing a podium with the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. during the
- 1963 civil rights march on Washington.
-
- France, her home from 1925 until her death in 1975 at age
- 69, may have been color-blind, but Baker never escaped the
- reality of race. Indeed, it was the exoticism of her black
- beauty and the apparent spontaneity of her jazz-inflected
- dancing that captivated French audiences. With negritude the
- cultural rage, Baker was nominated as queen of Paris' great
- Colonial Exposition of 1931 -- until critics pointed out the
- obvious, that she was neither French nor African. Baker was
- memorably reminded of that during a 1935 dinner party in New
- York City given by Broadway lyricist Lorenz Hart. She insisted
- on speaking French at table until Hart's black maid burst out,
- "Honey, you is full of s - - - -. Talk the way yo' mouth was
- born."
-
- Baker, sadly enough, never learned how or when to quit. She
- spent francs as fast as she earned them, and her last years
- were marked by humiliations: mortgage foreclosure on the
- rambling country home she built for the Tribe, increasingly
- inept and desperate "farewell" performances to pay overdue
- bills. But when the end came, Paris remembered what it, and the
- world, had lost. In 1940-42 Baker had been a spy of sorts for
- De Gaulle's Free French, and later in the war, she made endless
- appearances as a troop entertainer. At the historic Madeleine
- church, her flag-bedecked coffin was carried past an honor
- guard, as would have befitted an army veteran. The Minister of
- Culture and the city's mayor were among those who delivered
- tributes.
-
- There was truth as well as justice in the theme of her
- famous signature ballad, J'ai Deux Amours ("I have two loves,/
- My country and Paris . . ."). The French music hall made her a
- star; the spirit of American jazz made her a great one.
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